Figure 1. Screenshot of DATA.GOV.HK (Source: Internet screenshot by the author)

Figure 2. Rendering of proposed waterfront development for Quayside Toronto featuring a pair of futuristic high-rises linked by a curved structure. The overall planning of the project included state-of-the-art automation of many urban services and infrastructure, thus creating a very efficient built-environment. However the expected data that may be gathered from the users eventually created a backslash on how the project was received by the citizens and the local government. (Image Courtesy of Snøhetta.)

Figure 3. A conceptual sketch of Quayside showing all the Smart solutions proposed incorporating a lot of automation of many urban services and infrastructure. (Source: Planetizen - Smart Urbanism: The Potential and Criticism of Smart Cities, 2020)

Figure 4. Sketch of Quayside showing a cross section of the city showing the separation of systems which includes delivery and recycling systems underground separated from a cleaner and greener public realm. (Source: Planetizen - Smart Urbanism: The Potential and Criticism of Smart Cities, 2020)

Figure 5. Common Spatial Data Infrastructure initiative - BEAP Study (Source: ARUP, Planning Department, 2020)