Figure 1. “High-Medium-Low” density grid cells (left) and “Urban-Suburban-Rural” classification in Shanghai metropolis. Source: drawn by author

Figure 2. “Urban-Suburban-Rural” commuting structure in Shanghai metropolis, 2017. Source: drawn by author

Figure 3. “Urban-Suburban-Rural” commuting structure in Shanghai metropolis, 2020. Source: drawn by author

Source: drawn by author Table 1. Matrix of “urban-suburban-rural” commuting ratios in Shanghai metropolis, 2017-2020. Source: drawn by author